Astrophysics

The Big Bang as a Crystallization Process, and Solar-Planetary Stability.

Major Results:

1. Dissociation of the Universe: due to Mass to Photon Conversion (replaces Negative Energy)
2. Reassembly of the Universe: due to Relativistic Gravity Doubling due to Mass to Photon conversion (replaces Dark Matter)

The author's background in science, and particular in crystallization, suggested as an astrophysical application, that the formation of the Universe by the Big Bang was a crystallization process. Information about the origin of gravity and other properties of the Universe result from this approach

As is generally known, during the Big Bang a pool of pure energy was converted into electrons and protons which are the building blocks of the Universe. The third particle type, neutrons, decays into electrons and protons outside the atomic nucleus. The pre-Big Ban energy is thus transformed into particles, that is, energy is conserved.

Photons, which show wave-particle duality, are another energy presence in the Universe.

A well known similar crystallization process is the conversion moisture in air (water molecules) into snow, which consists of water molecules in a crystalline state. Before and after the crystallization process, water molecules are retained. This is a crystallization process just as the energy conversion into electrons and protons during the Big Bang.

Crystallization of salt (sodium chloride) is not applicable to the Big Bang process, since salt consists of more than one entity (chloride- and sodium ions), and there is no convincing evidence that the Universe formed from two or more precursors.

Application of basic crystallization models shows that the formation of mass from pure energy is associated with the separation of an opposite, but equal energy which has the properties of gravity. Thus, it is concluded that energy and gravity form a duality akin to positive and negative electronic charges, or north and south poles in magnetism.

Since the formation of the Universe, mass is steadily converted to photons. This mass loss is associated with loss of gravitational cohesion between the masses in the Universe. This loss of cohesion is quantitatively modeled for the interaction between the Sun and its planets. The modeling predicts that the planets are separating from the Sun.

Application to Mars predicts prior closer orbits to the Sun, higher exposure to solar radiation, and the transition from above to below the freezing point of water about 3.6 billion years ago. This is in excellent agreement with recent evaluation of Mars data which indicate the water to ice transition about 3.7 billion years ago.

Einstein concluded that photons carry twice the gravity compared to equal energy at rest (=mass). This suggests that the photon doubles as graviton. Applying this effect to the process of mass to photon transition predicts that gravity is doubled, a process referred to as relativistic gravity doubling. Thus, the overall gravity of the Universe is increasing during mass to photon conversion.

Combining the above observations leads to the conclusion that the present Universe is decaying due to loss of gravitational energy between its constituting masses (gravitational collapse). Its energy and mass will eventually collapse into a singularity due to relativistic gravity doubling. The concentration of mass and photons is assured by the growth of black holes, who preserve the double gravity of the absorbed photon-gravitons, since their interior provides the necessary relativistic environment. This also requires that any absorbed mass is converted to photons.

This information was presented at scientific meetings, and submitted for publication.

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